Social Work Examination Services (SWES) Human Behavior Practice Test

Who is associated with the concept of "adaptive capacities of the ego"?

1. Sigmund Freud

2. Carl Jung

3. Heinz Hartman

4. Erik Erikson

The correct answer is: Heinz Hartman

The concept of "adaptive capacities of the ego" is specifically associated with Heinz Hartmann, who is known for his contributions to psychoanalytic theory, particularly in expanding the understanding of the ego's functions. Hartmann posited that the ego is not only a mediator between the id and superego but also has its own adaptive functions that help individuals navigate their environments and achieve optimal functioning. He emphasized that these adaptive capacities allow for flexibility and growth, enabling individuals to better manage their experiences and interact effectively with their surroundings. This perspective was significant in moving toward an ego psychology framework that highlighted the positive functions of the ego, rather than merely viewing it as a structure that mediates conflict between internal drives and societal expectations. Hartmann’s work laid the groundwork for understanding how individuals can thrive despite the pressures they face, which has been influential in both therapy and social work practices. The other figures mentioned, such as Freud, Jung, and Erikson, have their respective theories focusing on the unconscious, archetypes, and psychosocial stages of development, but they do not specifically emphasize the concept of the ego's adaptive capacities in the way Hartmann does.